Interpreting the statistical properties of High- z extragalactic sources detected by the South Pole Telescope Survey

Abstract: The results of the recently published spectroscopically complete survey of dusty star-forming galaxies detected by the South Pole Telescope over 2500 deg2 proved to be challenging for galaxy formation models that generally underpredict the observed abundance of high-z galaxies. In this paper we interpret these results in the light of a physically grounded model for the evolution of spheroidal galaxies. The model accurately reproduces the measured redshift distribution of galaxies without any adjustment of the parameters. The data do not support the indications of an excess of z > 4 dusty galaxies reported by some analyses of Herschel surveys

Early evolution of galaxies and of large-scale structure from CMB experiments

Next generation CMB experiments with arcmin resolution will, for free, lay the foundations for a real breakthrough on the study of the early evolution of galaxies and galaxy clusters, thanks to the detection of large samples of strongly gravitationally lensed galaxies and of proto-clusters of dusty galaxies up to high redshifts. This has an enormous legacy value. High resolution follow-up of strongly lensed galaxies will allow the direct investigation of their structure and kinematics up to z~6, providing direct information on physical processes driving their evolution. Follow-up of proto-clusters will allow an observational validation of the formation history of the most massive dark matter halos up to z~4, well beyond the redshift range accessible via X-ray or SZ measurements. These experiments will also allow a giant leap forward in the determination of polarization properties of extragalactic sources, and will provide a complete census of cold dust available for star formation in the local universe.Comment: Science white paper submitted to the Astro2020 US Decadal Surve

Radio sources in next-generation CMB surveys

CMB surveys provide, for free, blindly selected samples of extragalactic radio sources at much higher frequencies than traditional radio surveys. Next-generation, ground-based CMB experiments with arcmin resolution at mm wavelengths will provide samples of thousands radio sources allowing the investigation of the evolutionary properties of blazar populations, the study of the earliest and latest stages of radio activity, the discovery of rare phenomena and of new transient sources and events. Space-borne experiments will extend to sub-mm wavelengths the determinations of the SEDs of many hundreds of blazars, in temperature and in polarization, allowing us to investigate the flow and the structure of relativistic jets close to their base, and the electron acceleration mechanisms. A real breakthrough will be achieved in the caracterization of the polarization properties. The first direct counts in polarization will be obtained, enabling a solid assessment of the extra-galactic source contamination of CMB maps and allowing us to understand structure and intensity of magnetic fields, particle densities and structures of emitting regions close to the base of the jet.Comment: Science white paper submitted to the Astro2020 US Decadal Surve

Primary Intraosseous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anterior Mandible Arising in an Odontogenic Cyst in 34-Year-Old Male

Abstract: Primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma (PIOSCC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy arising exclusively within the jaws, without any initial connection with the oral mucosa. The etiology and the epidemiology are unclear due to the rarity of the disease, and there is no current universally accepted staging or treatment protocol. Clinically, the posterior mandible is the most a ected site, and common symptoms are swelling and pain. The diagnosis is often di cult either because it requires stringent criteria to be satisfied or because of the absence of a pathognomonic histological pattern. Aggressive surgery is the first-choice treatment, often followed by radiotherapy. The lymph nodal status seems to be the most important factor influencing the prognosis, which is usually poor, with a 5-year survival rate ranging from 30% to 40%. In the present article, we report an unusual case of cystogenic PIOSCC interesting the anterior mandible of a young 34-year-old male, which came to our attention after complaint about recurrent infective episodes a ecting a dentigerous cyst (impacted lower canine) discovered ten years before. The age, site, and extension are uncommon. Extensive surgical treatment with fibula free flap reconstruction, adjuvant therapy, and salvage surgery was carried out. The patient was disease-free at a 31-month follow-up

Exploring cosmic origins with CORE: B-mode component separation

We demonstrate that, for the baseline design of the CORE satellite mission,the polarized foregrounds can be controlled at the level required to allow the detection of the primordial cosmic microwave background (CMB) B-mode polarization with the desired accuracy at both reionization and recombination scales, for tensor-to-scalar ratio values of r & 5 × 10−3. We consider detailed sky simulations based on state-of-the-art CMB observations that consist of CMB polarization with τ = 0.055 and tensor-to-scalar values ranging from r = 10−2 to 10−3, Galactic synchrotron, and thermal dust polarization with variable spectral indices over the sky, polarized anomalous microwave emission, polarized infrared and radio sources, and gravitational lensing effects. Using both parametric and blind approaches, we perform full component separation and likelihood analysis of the simulations, allowing us to quantify both uncertainties and biases on the reconstructed primordial B-modes. Under the assumption of perfect control of lensing effects, CORE would measure an unbiased estimate of r = (5 ± 0.4) × 10−3 after foreground cleaning. In the presence of both gravitational lensing effects and astrophysical foregrounds, the significance of the detection is lowered, with CORE achieving a 4σ-measurement of r = 5 × 10−3 after foreground cleaning and 60% delensing. For lower tensor-to-scalar ratios (r = 10−3) the overall uncertainty on r is dominated by foreground residuals, not by the 40% residual of lensing cosmic variance. Moreover, the residual contribution of unprocessed polarized point-sources can be the dominant foreground contamination to primordial B-modes at this r level, even on relatively large angular scales,` ∼ 50. Finally, we report two sources of potential bias for the detection of the primordial B-modes by future CMB experiments: (i) the use of incorrect foreground models, e.g. a modelling error of ∆βs = 0.02 on the synchrotron spectral indices may result in an excess in the recovered reionization peak corresponding to an effective ∆r > 10−3; (ii) the average of the foreground line-of-sight spectral indices by the combined effects of pixelization and beam convolution, which adds an effective curvature to the foreground spectral energy distribution and may cause spectral degeneracies with the CMB in the frequency range probed by the experiment

Origins Space Telescope: predictions for far-IR spectroscopic surveys

We illustrate the extraordinary potential of the (far-IR) Origins Survey Spectrometer (OSS) on board the Origins Space Telescope (OST) to address a variety of open issues on the co-evolution of galaxies and AGNs. We present predictions for blind surveys, each of 1000 h, with different mapped areas (a shallow survey covering an area of 10 deg$^{2}$ and a deep survey of 1 deg$^{2}$) and two different concepts of the OST/OSS: with a 5.9 m telescope (Concept 2, our reference configuration) and with a 9.1 m telescope (Concept 1, previous configuration). In 1000 h, surveys with the reference concept will detect from $\sim 1.9 \times 10^{6}$ to $\sim 8.7 \times 10^{6}$ lines from $\sim 4.8 \times 10^{5}$-$2.7 \times 10^{6}$ star-forming galaxies and from $\sim 1.4 \times 10^{4}$ to $\sim 3.8 \times 10^{4}$ lines from $\sim 1.3 \times 10^{4}$-$3.5 \times 10^{4}$ AGNs. The shallow survey will detect substantially more sources than the deep one; the advantage of the latter in pushing detections to lower luminosities/higher redshifts turns out to be quite limited. The OST/OSS will reach, in the same observing time, line fluxes more than one order of magnitude fainter than the SPICA/SMI and will cover a much broader redshift range. In particular it will detect tens of thousands of galaxies at $z \geq 5$, beyond the reach of that instrument. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons lines are potentially bright enough to allow the detection of hundreds of thousands of star-forming galaxies up to $z \sim 8.5$, i.e. all the way through the re-ionization epoch. The proposed surveys will allow us to explore the galaxy-AGN co-evolution up to $z\sim 5.5-6$ with very good statistics. OST Concept 1 does not offer significant advantages for the scientific goals presented here.Comment: 24 pages, 20 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in PAS

A Case Report of a Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Maxillary Sinus

A solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a benign neoplasm, firstly described as a mesenchymal tumor of the pleura. Its incidence range in the head and neck region is about 5\u201327%, but only rarely does it affect paranasal sinuses. The differential diagnosis is challenging, owing to its erosive growth pattern and immuno-histochemical features. SFTs have an aggressive behavior and an important recurrence potential. Therefore, a radical surgical excision is the gold standard therapeutic procedure. A rare SFT originating from the right maxillary sinus is reported here. The 37-year-old patient presented to the outpatient clinic with a painful expansive lesion in the whole right maxillary region. The overlying skin was inflamed and the patient had no epistaxis episodes. The 1.5 dentary element tested negative for vitality; however, a puncture of the lesion led to a hematic spill and no purulent discharge. An endoscopic-guided biopsy was suggestive either of SFT or hemangioperictoma, excluding a malignant neoplasm. A multi-equipe surgical team was activated. The lesion was embolized in order to achieve a good hemostatic control and, after 48 h, the neoplasm was radically excised with a combined open and endoscopic approach. The patient was disease-free at 12-month radiological and clinical follow-up. Given the rarity of this lesion and the delicacy required in addressing head and neck neoplasms, we believe that the present case report might be of help in further understanding how to approach cranio-facial SFTs

New extragalactic research paths opened by Planck

The Planck mission has clearly demonstrated that, although not specifically designed for the observation of extragalactic sources, the space-borne experiments aimed at investigating the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) have the potential to bring breakthrough science also in this field. One example is the detection of high-z galaxies with extreme gravitational amplifications. The combination of flux boosting and of stretching of the images has allowed the investigation of the structure of galaxies at z ⋍ 3 with the astounding spatial resolution of ⋍ 60 pc. Another example is the detection of proto-clusters of dusty galaxies at high z, when they may not yet possess the hot intergalactic medium allowing their detection in X-rays or via the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect

Exploring cosmic origins with CORE: cluster science

We examine the cosmological constraints that can be achieved with a galaxy cluster survey with the future CORE space mission. Using realistic simulations of the millimeter sky, produced with the latest version of the Planck Sky Model, we characterize the CORE cluster catalogues as a function of the main mission performance parameters. We pay particular attention to telescope size, key to improved angular resolution, and discuss the comparison and the complementarity of CORE with ambitious future ground-based CMB experiments that could be deployed in the next decade. A possible CORE mission concept with a 150 cm diameter primary mirror can detect of the order of 50,000 clusters through the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (SZE). The total yield increases (decreases) by 25% when increasing (decreasing) the mirror diameter by 30 cm. The 150 cm telescope configuration will detect the most massive clusters (>1014 M⊙) at redshift z>1.5 over the whole sky, although the exact number above this redshift is tied to the uncertain evolution of the cluster SZE flux-mass relation; assuming self-similar evolution, CORE will detect 0~ 50 clusters at redshift z>1.5. This changes to 800 (200) when increasing (decreasing) the mirror size by 30 cm. CORE will be able to measure individual cluster halo masses through lensing of the cosmic microwave background anisotropies with a 1-σ sensitivity of 4×1014 M⊙, for a 120 cm aperture telescope, and 1014 M⊙ for a 180 cm one. From the ground, we estimate that, for example, a survey with about 150,000 detectors at the focus of 350 cm telescopes observing 65% of the sky would be shallower than CORE and detect about 11,000 clusters, while a survey with the same number of detectors observing 25% of sky with a 10 m telescope is expected to be deeper and to detect about 70,000 clusters. When combined with the latter, CORE would reach a limiting mass of M500 ~ 2−3 × 1013 M⊙ and detect 220,000 clusters (5 sigma detection limit). Cosmological constraints from CORE cluster counts alone are competitive with other scheduled large scale structure surveys in the 2020's for measuring the dark energy equation-of-state parameters w0 and wa (σw0=0.28, σwa=0.31). In combination with primary CMB constraints, CORE cluster counts can further reduce these error bars on w0 and wa to 0.05 and 0.13 respectively, and constrain the sum of the neutrino masses, Σ mν, to 39 meV (1 sigma). The wide frequency coverage of CORE, 60–600 GHz, will enable measurement of the relativistic thermal SZE by stacking clusters. Contamination by dust emission from the clusters, however, makes constraining the temperature of the intracluster medium difficult. The kinetic SZE pairwise momentum will be extracted with 0S/N=7 in the foreground-cleaned CMB map. Measurements of TCMB(z) using CORE clusters will establish competitive constraints on the evolution of the CMB temperature: (1+z)1−β, with an uncertainty of σβ lesssim 2.7× 10−3 at low redshift (z lesssim 1). The wide frequency coverage also enables clean extraction of a map of the diffuse SZE signal over the sky, substantially reducing contamination by foregrounds compared to the Planck SZE map extraction. Our analysis of the one-dimensional distribution of Compton-y values in the simulated map finds an order of magnitude improvement in constraints on σ8 over the Planck result, demonstrating the potential of this cosmological probe with CORE

Tongue cancer following hematopoietic cell transplantation for Fanconi anemia

Objectives: The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the incidence and the clinical outcome of tongue cancer (TC) in patients affected by Fanconi anemia (FA) who received an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Materials and methods: The patient database from the Bone Marrow Transplant Center of Pescara was reviewed to enroll FA patients. Patients', donors', HCT's, and screening's data were collected as well to look for the incidence and the treatment of TC. Results: Twelve patients affected by FA were identified. Three patients died for transplant-related causes. Five of nine surviving patients were diagnosed with TC at a median of 21.7 years since transplantation and at a median age of 32.10 years. Interestingly, no patient manifested graft-versus-host-disease (GvHD). The 28-year cumulative incidence function of TC was 46.9% (95% CI, 36.9-56.9%). Two patients were treated with chemotherapy alone, two patients were treated with surgery alone, and one with surgery followed by chemotherapy. Overall, 4 patients with TC showed a clinical course characterized by a marked aggressiveness of the tumor disease which led to death due to cancer progression between 2 and 13 months. One patient is surviving 8 months after diagnosis of TC. Conclusions: Our study confirms the high incidence of tumors and in particular tongue tumors in allotransplanted FA patients. A careful screening has to be life-long maintained. Clinical relevance: Considering the rarity of FA and the frailty of FA patients, this study may add important information for the cancer management of these patients